20. Les commandes importantes

20.1. La commande ifconfig

vanvincq@CP2L ~/Documents $ sudo ifconfig eth0
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:1a:4d:59:d0:0e  
          inet adr:192.168.1.10  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Masque:255.255.255.0
          adr inet6: fe80::21a:4dff:fe59:d00e/64 Scope:Lien
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:6220 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:5964 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 lg file transmission:1000 
          RX bytes:5476877 (5.2 MiB)  TX bytes:938577 (916.5 KiB)
          Interruption:23 Adresse de base:0xa000

vanvincq@CP2L ~/Documents $ sudo ifconfig lo down
vanvincq@CP2L ~/Documents $ sudo ifconfig eth0 down

vanvincq@CP2L ~/Documents $ ping localhost
PING CP2L (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
^C
--- CP2L ping statistics ---
10 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 9071ms

vanvincq@CP2L ~/Documents $ ping 192.168.1.1
connect: Network is unreachable

vanvincq@CP2L ~/Documents $ telnet localhost
Trying 127.0.0.1...
telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection timed out

vanvincq@CP2L ~/Documents $ sudo route -n
Table de routage IP du noyau
Destination     Passerelle      Genmask         Indic Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.168.1.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0

vanvincq@CP2L ~/Documents $ sudo route del -net 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0
Table de routage IP du noyau
Destination     Passerelle      Genmask         Indic Metric Ref    Use Iface

20.2. La commande ARP

20.3. La commande route

127.0.0.1	localhost silex
130.2.0.3	silex
130.2.0.2	quartz
192.3.2.2	platine
192.3.2.3	uranium
192.3.2.4	mercure

# Ici, on règle prioritairement la résolution de noms grâce au fichier hosts de la machine, ensuite on utilise le DNS.
order hosts,bind
multi on

# Déclaration des serveurs de noms (DNS) utilisés par le poste.
nameserver	192.3.2.4

# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).

# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The primary network interface
allow-hotplug eth0
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
	address 130.2.0.3
	netmask 255.255.0.0
	network 130.2.0.0
	broadcast 130.2.255.255
	gateway 130.2.0.1
	# dns-* options are implemented by the resolvconf package, if installed

Table de routage IP du noyau
Destination     Passerelle      Genmask         Indic Metric Ref    Use Iface
130.2.0.0       *               255.255.0.0	U     0      0        0 eth0
0.0.0.0         130.2.0.1       0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0

127.0.0.1	localhost quartz
130.2.0.2	quartz
130.2.0.3	silex
192.3.2.2	platine
192.3.2.3	uranium
192.3.2.4	mercure

# Ici, on règle prioritairement la résolution de noms grâce au fichier hosts de la machine, ensuite on utilise le DNS.
order hosts,bind
multi on

# Déclaration des serveurs de noms (DNS) utilisés par le poste.
nameserver	192.3.2.4

# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).

# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The primary network interface
allow-hotplug eth0
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
	address 130.2.0.2
	netmask 255.255.0.0
	network 130.2.0.0
	broadcast 130.2.255.255
	gateway 130.2.0.1
	# dns-* options are implemented by the resolvconf package, if installed

Table de routage IP du noyau
Destination     Passerelle      Genmask         Indic Metric Ref    Use Iface
130.2.0.0       *               255.255.0.0	U     0      0        0 eth0
0.0.0.0         130.2.0.1       0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0

	Table de routage IP du noyau
Destination     Passerelle      Genmask         Indic Metric Ref    Use Iface
130.2.0.0       *               255.255.0.0	U     0      0        0 eth0
192.3.2.0       *       	255.255.255.0	U     0      0        0 eth1
0.0.0.0         192.3.2.254    	0.0.0.0		UG    0      0        0	eth1

127.0.0.1	localhost platine
192.3.2.2	platine
192.3.2.3	uranium
192.3.2.4	mercure
130.2.0.3	silex
130.2.0.2	quartz

# Ici, on règle prioritairement la résolution de noms grâce au fichier hosts de la machine, ensuite on utilise le DNS.
order hosts,bind
multi on

# Déclaration des serveurs de noms (DNS) utilisés par le poste.
nameserver	192.3.2.4

# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).

# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The primary network interface
allow-hotplug eth0
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
	address 192.3.2.2
	netmask 255.255.255.0
	network 192.3.2.0
	broadcast 192.3.2.255
	gateway 192.3.2.254
	# dns-* options are implemented by the resolvconf package, if installed

Table de routage IP du noyau
Destination     Passerelle      Genmask         Indic Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.3.2.0       *               255.255.255.0	U     0      0        0 eth0
130.2.0.0	192.3.2.1	255.255.0.0	U     0      0	      0 eth0
0.0.0.0         192.3.2.254     0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0

127.0.0.1	localhost uranium
192.3.2.3	uranium
192.3.2.2	platine
192.3.2.4	mercure
130.2.0.3	silex
130.2.0.2	quartz

# Ici, on règle prioritairement la résolution de noms grâce au fichier hosts de la machine, ensuite on utilise le DNS.
order hosts,bind
multi on

# Déclaration des serveurs de noms (DNS) utilisés par le poste.
nameserver	192.3.2.4

# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).

# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The primary network interface
allow-hotplug eth0
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
	address 192.3.2.3
	netmask 255.255.255.0
	network 192.3.2.0
	broadcast 192.3.2.255
	gateway 192.3.2.254
	# dns-* options are implemented by the resolvconf package, if installed

Table de routage IP du noyau
Destination     Passerelle      Genmask         Indic Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.3.2.0       *               255.255.255.0	U     0      0        0 eth0
130.2.0.0	192.3.2.1	255.255.0.0	U     0      0	      0 eth0
0.0.0.0         192.3.2.254     0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0

127.0.0.1	localhost mercure
192.3.2.4	mercure
192.3.2.3	uranium
192.3.2.2	platine
130.2.0.3	silex
130.2.0.2	quartz

# Ici, on règle prioritairement la résolution de noms grâce au fichier hosts de la machine, ensuite on utilise le DNS.
order hosts,bind
multi on

# Déclaration des serveurs de noms (DNS) utilisés par le poste.
nameserver	192.3.2.4

# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).

# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The primary network interface
allow-hotplug eth0
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
	address 192.3.2.4
	netmask 255.255.255.0
	network 192.3.2.0
	broadcast 192.3.2.255
	gateway 192.3.2.254
	# dns-* options are implemented by the resolvconf package, if installed

Table de routage IP du noyau
Destination     Passerelle      Genmask         Indic Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.3.2.0       *               255.255.255.0	U     0      0        0 eth0
130.2.0.0	192.3.2.1	255.255.0.0	U     0      0	      0 eth0
0.0.0.0         192.3.2.254     0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0

Table de routage IP du noyau
Destination     Passerelle      Genmask         Indic Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.3.2.0       *       	255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0  eth0
130.2.0.0       192.3.2.1       255.255.0.0	U     0      0        0  eth0
0.0.0.0         199.0.0.1       0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0  serial0

20.4. La commande netstat

La commande netstat est une commande en ligne affichant des informations sur les connexions réseau, les tables de routage et un certain nombre de statistiques.

            cvanvinc@pinson ~ $ sudo netstat
            Connexions Internet actives (sans serveurs)
            Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Adresse locale          Adresse distante        Etat       
            tcp        0      0 pinson.local:54112      annapurna.kilimand:ldap ESTABLISHED
            tcp        0      0 pinson.local:54115      annapurna.kilimand:ldap ESTABLISHED
            tcp        0      0 pinson.local:54118      annapurna.kilimand:ldap ESTABLISHED
            tcp        0      0 pinson.local:54117      annapurna.kilimand:ldap ESTABLISHED
            tcp        0      0 pinson.local:54114      annapurna.kilimand:ldap ESTABLISHED
            tcp        0      0 pinson.local:54113      annapurna.kilimand:ldap ESTABLISHED
            tcp        0      0 pinson.local:54120      annapurna.kilimand:ldap ESTABLISHED
            tcp        0      0 pinson.local:54116      annapurna.kilimand:ldap ESTABLISHED
            tcp        0      0 pinson.local:54110      annapurna.kilimand:ldap ESTABLISHED
            Sockets du domaine UNIX actives(sans serveurs)
            Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   Chemin
            unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    3234     @/org/kernel/udev/udevd
            unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    6190     @/org/freedesktop/hal/udev_event
            unix  11     [ ]         DGRAM                    4061     /dev/log
            unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    42976    
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      25679    @/tmp/.X11-unix/X0
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      24708    
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      24704    
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      24703    
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      24702    
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      24701    
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      20005    @/tmp/.X11-unix/X0
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      19019    
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      19014    @/tmp/.ICE-unix/2197
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      19993    
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      18817    
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      18816    
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      18814    @/tmp/dbus-EtlMfJ9hmH
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      19841    
            unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTE      19840    /tmp/orbit-cvanvinc/linc-102b-0-60524bf275c6d
            ...

            cvanvinc@pinson ~ $ sudo netstat -nr
            Table de routage IP du noyau
            Destination     Passerelle      Genmask         Indic   MSS Fenêtre irtt Iface
            0.0.0.0         192.168.22.62   0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 eth0
            192.168.22.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0

@pinson ~ $ sudo netstat -i
Table d'interfaces noyau
Iface   MTU Met   RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eth0       1500 0      6598      0      0 0          4579      0      0      0 BMRU
lo        16436 0         8      0      0 0             8      0      0      0 LRU

20.5. La commande traceroute

Apparemment, à cause d'un filtrage au sein de mon Université, je ne peux pas effectuer correctement cette commande. A refaire chez moi.

        cvanvinc@pinson /media/usb/CPLL/JournalDeBord $ sudo traceroute www.nat.fr
        traceroute to www.nat.fr (93.95.63.14), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
         1  192.168.22.62 (192.168.22.62)  0.260 ms  0.243 ms  0.236 ms
         2  * * *
         3  * * *
         4  * * *
         5  * * *
         6  * * *

vanvincq@CP2L ~ $ traceroute 86.64.63.108
traceroute to 86.64.63.108 (86.64.63.108), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1)  0.726 ms  1.647 ms  1.913 ms
 2  * * *
 3  * * *
 4  ae20-0.nclil102.Lille.francetelecom.net (193.253.89.193)  46.735 ms  50.289 ms  55.292 ms
 5  ae41-0.nilil102.Lille.francetelecom.net (193.252.100.110)  58.736 ms  62.511 ms  66.260 ms
 6  193.252.100.226 (193.252.100.226)  84.822 ms  30.130 ms  34.560 ms
 7  xe-1-0-2.lon10.ip4.tinet.net (77.67.67.109)  29.657 ms  32.605 ms  36.517 ms
 8  xe-8-3-0.par20.ip4.tinet.net (89.149.183.229)  49.338 ms xe-9-0-0.par20.ip4.tinet.net (89.149.183.209)  52.858 ms  56.692 ms
 9  sfr-gw.ip4.tinet.net (77.67.72.2)  65.205 ms  65.638 ms  66.331 ms
10  221.29.3.109.rev.sfr.net (109.3.29.221)  77.584 ms  80.897 ms  84.316 ms
11  130.244.96.84.rev.sfr.net (84.96.244.130)  90.590 ms  102.606 ms  103.227 ms
12  V4082.abv1-co-1.n9uf.net (62.39.148.50)  82.488 ms  80.393 ms  40.639 ms
13  V3659.agr1-sec-2.gaoland.net (80.118.205.238)  37.176 ms  41.474 ms  45.413 ms
14  86.74.20.93.rev.sfr.net (93.20.74.86)  49.441 ms  54.009 ms  57.435 ms
15  10.35.7.114 (10.35.7.114)  80.491 ms  85.038 ms  92.339 ms
16  ns1.beaupeyrat.com (86.64.63.108)  94.399 ms  94.846 ms  56.550 ms

20.6. La commande dig

        
cvanvinc@pinson /media/usb/CPLL/JournalDeBord $ dig any freenix.org
    
; <<>> DiG 9.7.3 <<>> any freenix.org
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 41189
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 7, AUTHORITY: 5, ADDITIONAL: 1
    
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;freenix.org.           IN  ANY
    
;; ANSWER SECTION:
freenix.org.        259200  IN  MX  10 ns2.freenix.org.
freenix.org.        259200  IN  SOA cabale.usenet-fr.net. hostmaster.freenix.org. 2012010301 21600 7200 3600000 259200
freenix.org.        259200  IN  NS  ns.eu.org.
freenix.org.        259200  IN  NS  ns.frmug.org.
freenix.org.        259200  IN  NS  cabale.usenet-fr.net.
freenix.org.        259200  IN  NS  ns2.freenix.org.
freenix.org.        259200  IN  NS  ns6.gandi.net.
    
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
freenix.org.        259200  IN  NS  ns.frmug.org.
freenix.org.        259200  IN  NS  ns.eu.org.
freenix.org.        259200  IN  NS  ns6.gandi.net.
freenix.org.        259200  IN  NS  ns2.freenix.org.
freenix.org.        259200  IN  NS  cabale.usenet-fr.net.
    
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns6.gandi.net.      79947   IN  A   217.70.177.40
    
;; Query time: 35 msec
;; SERVER: 195.220.130.2#53(195.220.130.2)
;; WHEN: Wed Feb 15 11:46:56 2012
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 297

20.7. La commande host

La commande host interroge les serveurs de noms (DNS).

cvanvinc@pinson /media/usb/CPLL/JournalDeBord $ host www.eof.eu.org
www.eof.eu.org has address 86.64.63.108

cvanvinc@pinson /media/usb/CPLL/JournalDeBord $ host 86.64.63.108
108.63.64.86.in-addr.arpa is an alias for 108.beaupeyrat.63.64.86.in-addr.arpa.
108.beaupeyrat.63.64.86.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer ns1.beaupeyrat.com.

20.8. La commande whois

vanvincq@CP2L ~ $ whois distrowatch.com
Whois Server Version 2.0

Domain names in the .com and .net domains can now be registered
with many different competing registrars. Go to http://www.internic.net
for detailed information.

   Domain Name: DISTROWATCH.COM
   Registrar: IN2NET NETWORK, INC.
   Whois Server: whois.in2net.com
   Referral URL: http://www.in2net.com
   Name Server: NS1.NETSONIC.NET
   Name Server: NS2.NETSONIC.NET
   Status: clientTransferProhibited
   Status: clientUpdateProhibited
   Updated Date: 05-may-2008
   Creation Date: 03-jul-2001
   Expiration Date: 03-jul-2013

>>> Last update of whois database: Fri, 17 Feb 2012 08:11:37 UTC <<<

NOTICE: The expiration date displayed in this record is the date the 
registrar's sponsorship of the domain name registration in the registry is 
currently set to expire. This date does not necessarily reflect the expiration 
date of the domain name registrant's agreement with the sponsoring 
registrar.  Users may consult the sponsoring registrar's Whois database to 
view the registrar's reported date of expiration for this registration.

TERMS OF USE: You are not authorized to access or query our Whois 
database through the use of electronic processes that are high-volume and 
automated except as reasonably necessary to register domain names or 
modify existing registrations; the Data in VeriSign Global Registry 
Services' ("VeriSign") Whois database is provided by VeriSign for 
information purposes only, and to assist persons in obtaining information 
about or related to a domain name registration record. VeriSign does not 
guarantee its accuracy. By submitting a Whois query, you agree to abide 
by the following terms of use: You agree that you may use this Data only 
for lawful purposes and that under no circumstances will you use this Data 
to: (1) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission of mass 
unsolicited, commercial advertising or solicitations via e-mail, telephone, 
or facsimile; or (2) enable high volume, automated, electronic processes 
that apply to VeriSign (or its computer systems). The compilation, 
repackaging, dissemination or other use of this Data is expressly 
prohibited without the prior written consent of VeriSign. You agree not to 
use electronic processes that are automated and high-volume to access or 
query the Whois database except as reasonably necessary to register 
domain names or modify existing registrations. VeriSign reserves the right 
to restrict your access to the Whois database in its sole discretion to ensure 
operational stability.  VeriSign may restrict or terminate your access to the 
Whois database for failure to abide by these terms of use. VeriSign 
reserves the right to modify these terms at any time. 

The Registry database contains ONLY .COM, .NET, .EDU domains and
Registrars.
Registrant:
 RegistrantPrivacy.com
 P.O. Box 81024
 Burnaby, BC V5H 4K2
 CA

 Domain name: DISTROWATCH.COM


 Administrative Contact:
    Registrant Privacy,   distrowatch.com@RegistrantPrivacy.com
    P.O. Box 81024
    Burnaby, BC V5H 4K2
    CA
    852-3594-1708
 Technical Contact:
    Registrant Privacy,   distrowatch.com@RegistrantPrivacy.com
    P.O. Box 81024
    Burnaby, BC V5H 4K2
    CA
    852-3594-1708


 Registrar of Record: In2net Network Inc.
 Record last updated on 05-Jul-2011.
 Record expires on 03-Jul-2013.
 Record created on 03-Jul-2001.

 Domain servers in listed order:
    NS1.NETSONIC.NET   216.235.75.2
    NS2.NETSONIC.NET   66.180.161.2


 Domain status: clientTransferProhibited
                clientUpdateProhibited

The Data in the In2net Registrar WHOIS database is provided to you by
In2net Network Inc. for information purposes only, and may be used to
assist you in obtaining information about or related to a domain name's
registration record.

In2net makes this information available "as is," and does not guarantee
its accuracy.

By submitting a WHOIS query, you agree that you will use this data only
for lawful purposes and that, under no circumstances will you use this data
to: (a) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission by e-mail,
telephone, or facsimile of mass, unsolicited, commercial advertising or
solicitations to entities other than the data recipient's own existing
customers; or (b) enable high volume, automated, electronic processes
that send queries or data to the systems of any Registry Operator or
ICANN-Accredited registrar, except as reasonably necessary to register
domain names or modify existing registrations.

The compilation, repackaging, dissemination or other use of this Data is
expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of In2net.

In2net reserves the right to terminate your access to the In2net WHOIS
database in its sole discretion, including without limitation, for excessive
querying of the WHOIS database or for failure to otherwise abide by this
policy.

In2net reserves the right to modify these terms at any time.

By submitting this query, you agree to abide by these terms.

NOTE: THE WHOIS DATABASE IS A CONTACT DATABASE ONLY. LACK OF A
DOMAIN RECORD DOES NOT SIGNIFY DOMAIN AVAILABILITY.

About In2net, please visit: http://www.in2net.com

20.9. La commande ip

Informations sur la passerelle par défaut :

cvanvinc@pinson ~ $ ip neigh
192.168.22.62 dev eth0 lladdr 00:25:b3:e6:5b:d6 STALE
192.168.22.63 dev eth0 lladdr d4:85:64:5b:13:b4 STAL

Affichage des propriétés de eth0 :

cvanvinc@pinson ~ $ ip addr show dev eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:1c:c0:fb:de:32 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.22.213/24 brd 192.168.22.255 scope global eth0
    inet6 fe80::21c:c0ff:fefb:de32/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

20.10. La commande ping

Ping permet d'envoyer une requête ICMP :

cvanvinc@pinson ~ $ ping 127.0.0.1
PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=0.026 ms
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.023 ms
^C
--- 127.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.023/0.024/0.026/0.005 ms